Inside the World’s Biggest Bet on Fusion Energy


Nestled in the countryside of southern France is a sprawling industrial complex where scientists and engineers from around the world have converged to build the world’s largest-ever fusion reactor: a doughnut-shaped vacuum chamber designed to contain temperatures 10 times hotter than the core of the Sun.

At an estimated cost of $22 billion, the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor is the world’s biggest bet on fusion energy: a project so daunting in scale that longtime geopolitical rivals have pooled their resources to share in its potential risks and rewards.

elevated wide shot looking out over ITER's tokamak assembly hall filled with components of the world's largest ever fusion device.

ITER’s central solenoid (left) is the largest magnet in the world. It will play a key role in starting and maintaining ITER’s fusion reactions.

Celso Bulgatti/CNET

As ITER’s chief strategic advisor Laban Coblentz put it, “That China and Russia were going to collaborate with the US and Europe, and add in Korea, India, and Japan — that’s either genius or insane.”

Controlled fusion reactions produce millions of times more energy than the burning of fossil fuels, and four times more energy than the reactions powering traditional nuclear power plants — without the risk of meltdown, long-lasting radioactive waste and carbon emissions. All humans have to do is create the right conditions for it to happen, but that’s far easier said than done.

Watch this: 10 Times Hotter Than the Sun: Inside World’s Largest Fusion Reactor

Containing ITER’s 150-million-degree Celsius plasma will require superconducting magnets kept just a few degrees above absolute zero. To make that possible, engineers must place one of the hottest environments ever created right next to one of the coldest, with only a thin heat shield separating the two.

Cracks in the piping of this heat shield were discovered in 2020, along with distortions caused by welding and disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to a years-long delay in ITER’s timeline and the need for an additional $5 billion to cover repair costs. At the same time, private fusion startups have been multiplying, with many hoping to beat ITER to major milestones. 

very small cracks in ITER's thermal thield which created very big problems

Cracks in ITER’s thermal shields were part of a series of setbacks that led to a years-long delay and a $5 billion increase in cost.

ITER

Despite the pressure and criticisms generated by these overruns and delays, the people I met at ITER all spoke about the project like an open book. “This is a publicly funded project,” said Javier Artola, a scientist working on modeling the behavior of ITER’s plasma. “It is the knowledge of the world.”

A publicly funded project like ITER helps de-risk the research and development needed for commercial-scale fusion, making it easier for private companies to place their own big bets on the technology. Every problem ITER solves is one less problem private fusion companies will have to figure out.

javier artola iter scientist shows us around the tokamak pit

ITER scientist Javier Artola points out the different components powering the largest-ever tokamak.

Celso Bulgatti/CNET

Every member state of the ITER agreement (which includes more than 30 countries) will have access to all the science that comes out of ITER, and the construction of ITER itself is developing a global fusion energy supply chain. If the member states agree to share it with them, even non-member states may benefit from ITER’s science.

“We have become a model for how countries of unlike persuasion can work over decades, only through the shared vision of a better world that everybody wants for the next generations,” said Coblentz.

ITER components by country

More than 30 countries are collaborating on ITER, each contributing components to the massive machine.

CRS

Fusion is one of those technologies that people often joke is always a decade away. But seeing firsthand what ITER is building gave me hope that we may truly be living in the last decade when fusion is still spoken of as a distant dream.

To see our journey into the heart of this one-of-a-kind experiment in fusion energy and international collaboration, check out the video in this article.





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If Game Two of their first-round playoff series with the Denver Nuggets saved the 2025-26 season for the Minnesota Timberwolves, Game Three showed why it should be saved. 

The Timberwolves were a different beast while decisively thumping the Nuggets, 113-96 Thursday night at Target Center, in a game that wasn’t nearly that close. These Wolves were the mythical creature we’d heard about in preseason lore, purposefully locked and loaded to be both marauding and staunch. They owned both ends of the court, gleefully transferring back and forth from irresistible force to immovable object. 

A quartet of Timberwolves deserve special mention, but it begins with Jaden McDaniels. After his team had toppled Denver to even the series at a game apiece Monday night, McDaniels used the sizable chip on his shoulder to etch some graffiti into the public discourse, casually castigating the most prominent Nuggets players by name as “bad defenders” in a matter-of-fact manner that had the media compelling him to confirm what he had just said. 

Trash talk is fleetingly fungible in the jaundiced social environment of 2026, functioning more like coupons than currency in that it needs to be rapidly leveraged before its expiration date. The common perception naturally was that McDaniels was calling out the Nuggets. But in a more subtle, profound way, he was also putting his teammates on notice. 

All season long the Timberwolves have procrastinated on their full potential, frequently demonstrating that their preseason talk about maturity and commitment was cheap. By contrast, those words uttered by McDaniels were expensive. He had just picked a fight with the opponent, leaving open the question of how many of his teammates would join him in the fray. 

That he would lead the charge was established early, after the Timberwolves’ top two scorers, Anthony Edwards and Julius Randle, had each missed a pair of open looks against Denver’s bad defenders in the game’s first 90 seconds.  

With the game still scoreless, the NBA’s best pick-and-roll combo, Nikola Jokic and Jamal Murray, were clustered around the foul line with Minnesota’s best defenders, McDaniels and Rudy Gobert. As they jammed up Jokic, McDaniels picked the ball loose and started sprint-dribbling the other way. To no one’s surprise, Donte “Ragu” DiVincenzo was also on his horse in transition, receiving a pass from McDaniels and then lobbing it back for a Jaden slam against a hapless Murray and Murray’s late-arriving teammate, Cam Johnson, who committed the foul that allowed McDaniels to finish with the “and-1” free throw. 

On the Timberwolves next offensive possession, McDaniels muscled his way to two offensive rebounds, feeding Ragu off the first one for a missed three-pointer, which he corralled for the second one and executed the putback in traffic. It was McDaniels 5, Nuggets 0, setting the tone for a game in which not only did the Wolves never trail, but never let the lead go under double digits after McDaniels made a consecutive pair of driving layups eight minutes into the game. 

“Spectacular. I thought his activity offensively in the first quarter was outstanding,” said Wolves coach Chris Finch after the game. “He was inspirational.” 

Among the most inspired were McDaniels fellow wing players, Ragu and Ayo Dosunmu. Ragu is exactly the kind of player who will have your back in a squabble, and his galvanized performance seemed borne of satisfaction that someone else had clarified the mission. As usual, the Timberwolves were at their best with him on the court: +20 in the 32:54 he played, -3 in the 15:06 he sat. 

“He makes so many hustle plays, momentum plays, different styles of plays.” Finch raved. “He’ll make a shot, get a transition bucket, he’ll rebound, get a steal, blow something up. So many different plays. He’s just a basketball player.”

Related: How the Timberwolves sparked a season-saving Game 2 comeback over the Nuggets in Denver

Then there was Ayo, whose fearless, blazing, bee-lines for the bucket were quicksilver kryptonite for a Nuggets defense that is neither swift nor rugged. “I’ve been waiting for him to wake up a little bit in this series,” Finch accurately observed. “The downhill mindset that he played with all season for us was back.”

Back with the sort of multipurpose propulsion that leaves witnesses with giddy whiplash. Ayo led the team with 25 points and 9 assists in 32 minutes of time-lapse hoops, the lone blemish being three clanks from long range. Why chuck treys when you can so easily undress players in the paint? Ayo was 10-for-12 on two-pointers and none of those dozen shots came from anywhere but beneath the rim. Five of his nine dimes likewise yielded layups or dunks, which means he personally accounted for 30 of the 68 points in the paint by the Timberwolves on Thursday, doubling up the Nuggets’ 34.

Which brings us to the non-wing in Game 3’s ring of honor, Rudy Gobert. For the third straight game, Gobert blunted the supposed advantage Denver had with the magical playmaker Nikola Jokic at the controls. Suffice to say that in the last five quarters, Jokic has shot 8-for-33 from the floor. If that continues, the Nuggets are toast in this series. 

When I asked Finch after the game if the herculean job Gobert was doing on Jokic made planning his defense simpler and better thus far, he replied, “Rudy is making all of us look good right now with his defense.” 

Amen.

If there is an asterisk on this game, it would be the absence of Denver’s brutishly versatile power forward Aaron Gordon. Nuggets coach David Adelman should be given a lot of credit for his honesty and transparency in dealing with the media during his first full season at the helm, but it came back to bite him and his team during the pregame presser, when he was clearly rattled and dejected by the sudden unavailability of Gordon, whose playing status went to “probable” to “out” in a period of a few hours due to a chronic calf strain. 

Gordon is far and away his team’s best defender, making the timing of his injury especially troublesome in the wake of McDaniels laying down his marker. Rattled is a good way to describe the entire team’s performance in the first quarter, an emotional wounding that needs to heal as fast as Gordon’s body if the Nuggets are going to be competitive in a series that had dramatically been flipped on its head over the past three days. 

That the Timberwolves played with such dominance despite mediocre outings from Ant and Randle would be a good thing for both of those current cornerstones to keep in mind. Ant was beset by foul trouble and Randle had a solid second quarter, but it stood out that neither player fully embraced what so often works on offense when the Wolves are at their best: Push the pace, move the ball, move without the ball, and make quick decisions. Ant and Randle can still be first among equals and blend into that catechism if they stay attuned to the possibilities of a greater good, one that all of sudden doesn’t have to end with them being postseason fodder for the Spurs or the Thunder. 

Not when you’ve got three wings at a collective peak, with a chaser of Rudy semi-clowning the Joker. 



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